91 - Construction materials and building. Emergencies in buildings, see 13.200. Fire resistance of building materials and elements, see 13.220.50. Effect of crystal/amorphous ratio on mechanical properties in a C4A3$-C2S hydration system with or without gypsum addition. Jiye Li, Jun Chang.

This wall in shows different types of brickwork and stone foundations. Building material is any material which is used for purposes. Many naturally occurring substances, such as, rocks,, and, even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as,,, and work. They provide the make-up of and including. This section needs expansion.

You can help. ( April 2014) In history there are trends in building materials from being natural to becoming more man-made and; biodegradable to imperishable; indigenous (local) to being transported globally; repairable to disposable; chosen for increased levels of fire-safety, and improved resistance. These trends tend to increase the initial and long term economic, ecological, energy, and social costs of building materials. Economic costs [ ] Initial economic cost of building materials is the purchase price. This is often what governs decision making about what materials to use. Sometimes people take into consideration the energy savings or durability of the materials and see the value of paying a higher initial cost in return for a lower lifetime cost. For example, an asphalt shingle roof costs less than a metal roof to install, but the metal roof will last longer so the lifetime cost is less per year.

Some materials may require more care than others, maintaining costs specific to some materials may also influence the final decision. Risks when considering lifetime cost of a material is if the building is damaged such as by fire or wind, or if the material is not as durable as advertised. The cost of materials should be taken into consideration to bear the risk to buy combustive materials to enlarge the lifetime. It is said that, 'if it must be done, it must be done well'. Toyota tis techstream. Ecological costs [ ].

Main article: Pollution costs can be macro and micro. The macro, environmental pollution of extraction industries building materials rely on such as mining, petroleum, and logging produce environmental damage at their source and in transportation of the raw materials, manufacturing, transportation of the products, retailing, and installation. An example of the micro aspect of pollution is the off-gassing of the building materials in the building. Are materials found to be harmful. Also the, the total set of greenhouse gas emissions produced in the life of the material. A also includes the, recycling, or disposal of.

Two concepts in building which account for the of building materials are. Energy costs [ ] the Initial energy costs include the amount of energy consumed to produce, deliver and install the material.

The long term energy cost is the economic, ecological, and social costs of continuing to produce and deliver energy to the building for its use, maintenance, and eventual removal. The initial of a structure is the energy consumed to extract, manufacture, deliver, install, the materials. The lifetime embodied energy continues to grow with the use, maintenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal of the building materials themselves and how the materials and design help minimize the life-time energy consumption of the structure.